ABC accounting versus Traditional Accounting Research Paper

ABC accounting versus Traditional Accounting - Research Paper Example Usually, an organization will fund a particular activity, which helps in monitoring the use of other resources, and assess the outcome. Companies that adopt this technique are able to estimate a particular cost-element of the whole batch of products, services and activities. This way, the company finds it easier to make a decision on the identifying products or services, which are less important. Additionally, any service that tends to overpriced is normally reduced to the right pricing. Further, a company can do away with any processing of goods if the process used proves to be unprofitable. In short, the ABC method helps a company in the assigning cost of resources in the activities to help in delivery of products to its clients (Brown & Tower, 2010). As a result, companies are able to decide on the pricing of goods, their identification, outsourcing as well improve non-effective processes. History Whereas George Staubus is the man that ABC is based on, this concept was first initiated in the US in the 70s. In the late 80s, Robert Kaplan and robin Cooper popularized the term when they both compared the traditional method of accounting with the ABC. In their conclusion, they felt that ABC was more effective than the traditional one. Moreover, it was established that ABC is able to locate the exact cost that a company will spend and not just the main expense.

A Comparative Legal Political Analysis on Child Labour in India and Dissertation

A Comparative Legal Political Analysis on Child Labour in India and Pakistan - Dissertation Example Consequently, I am writing this proposal after the research and dissertation has been finished. As requested, I have written the proposal as if the research had not yet been conducted, and have provided additional information where required. Objectives The aim of this research was to examine how people in India and Pakistan perceive child labour and what the differences in perceptions were. This information will be related to the international and national laws concerning child labour that employers in India and Pakistan are subject to, and what changes need to be made to decrease the prevalence of child labour. To address the research aim, a mixed methods research approach will be taken, using both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Proposed methods It was determined that to accurately determine the differences between the two countries, a large sample size will need to be taken. Because child labour is a sensitive topic in both India and Pakistan, it was important that the resea rch was non-invasive and did not require much time out of the participants. Consequently, a multiple-choice survey was designed containing ten questions. Using a multiple-choice survey allows the results to be quantifiable, and has the additional benefit of allow participants to maintain their anonymity. In order to bypass potential response bias and low response rate, the survey will be distributed in two forms, by mail (to 100 people in each country, using random sampling methods) and by handing out the survey in person (100 people per country). This method should allow for adequate numbers of respondents, to research the questions for this topic. Because the results from these surveys would be broad and the design did not allow individual perspectives to be shown, it was determined that a second part of the research project will also need to be undertaken. This component of the research will involve face-to-face interviews with five participants from each country, representing a range of industries. The aim is to interview two employers from industries that traditionally hire child labourers, two lawyers and one adult worker from the same industry. However, it may be difficult to find people who are willing to talk openly about child labour, so these allocations may not be exact. Each interview will be between ten minutes and an hour in length, depending on how willing the subjects are to participate. Ethical considerations Subjects who participate in this study will be given an informational page along with the survey which informs them about the study (Appendix 1) and what the data collected will be used for. Participation in the survey will be taken as informed consent. Likewise, all participants in the verbal interviews will be given information about the study, and the implications will be discussed prior to the beginning of the interview. Individuals will be given the option to opt-out of the study if they were not comfortable with the information, an d participation will be assumed to mean informed consent. The method of survey taking that will be used allows participants to remain entirely anonymous. Participants will not be asked to identify themselves in any way, and no identifying information will recorded. In addition, information on what addresses the survey is sent out to will not be recorded. Consequently, there will be no way to determine the individual identities of the people who participate in the survey. The interview portion of the study involves the researcher talking face-to-face with the participant. This is more difficult, as the researcher will be aware of the identity of the individuals that are part of the interviews. However, their anonymity will be maintained and no personally identifiable information will be

Marketing Essays Customer Product Needs

Marketing Essays Customer Product Needs Customer Product Needs Marketing is the process of identifying customer needs and then introducing a product according to those needs. Marketers introduce products in the market so that we can consume everyday. When we buy a product we pay for marketing each time. Marketing acts as an important role in our daily lives. Marketing is basically satisfying customer needs which increase the quality of life and better standard of living. There are two main parties involved in marketing buyers and sellers. Marketing includes the activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. In order to sell the products marketers try to promote their products by different types of medium. The most famous type is bill boards and signs. The internet has been the most easiest and effective way of promoting products to the customers. Magazines, T.V, Radio and newspapers are other ways of introducing products. Marketing is all about selling, delivering products to consumers, promotion of new products to attract customers. There are many definitions of marketing. One of the great management thinkers Peter Drucker said something which acts as a good reminder of the value of good marketing: The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well; the product or service fits him and sells itself. – Peter Drucker http://www.powerpr.com/newsletter.html Marketing Communication: Marketing communication is subdivided into 4 features: Advertising: Advertising is transmitting information to the customers by various kinds of media by paying sum amount of money. It is basically to attract the customers to buy the products. In order words advertising is a publicity to influence the people to purchase the specific product. Advertising media includes T.V, newspaper, cinema, radio, posters, billboards and internet. It promotes the products and tries to convince the consumers to buy a product by pressure that it is more desirable for them than others. Advertising can be done by the organizations, industries as well as by individuals. Advertising can also be used combining with other marketing communications. The amount of advertising in UK can be recognized through posters, billboards and T.V. It has been estimated that the drinks industry spends over  £200 million on advertising and that between 1 and 2 percentage of national income is spent on advertising in United Kingdom. http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising?cat=biz-fin Sales promotion: Sales promotions are the excellent offers to persuade the customers to buy goods and services. Normally to increase in the sales of an organization for the short period and sometimes to sold out the old stock. These are the tricks to trap the customer for the particular product. There are varieties of sales promotions methods to that a business can use to make products appealing. Some of the methods are as under: Discount vouchers: Customers been sent the coupons, or they themselves tear off from the magazines and newspapers which enables them to get the particular product in low price by showing the coupon. Competitions: Sometimes when a customer purchase a product, allows them to enter the draw to win a prize (for e.g. cash, cars, electronics, air tickets etc.) Free gifts: Sometimes when the product is bought by the customers they get another product free with it or sometimes different prizes instantly. Loyalty cards: These are those cards which allow the customers to earn points on the cards when they buy products, later on which can be redeemed as cash or goods. (for e.g. Tesco club card, nectar etc.) Loyalty cards have become the most important bright form of sales promotion. http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_promotion_sales.htm Public relations: Public relation doesn’t deal with the product and services. It mainly deals in making good relations between employees or customers. The primary function is to have the trust of public understanding. Examples of public relations are worker preparation, support of charitable events etc. In this type of marketing communication the organization aimed for the increase in sales by improving the image of the company and product. http://www.learnthat.com/define/view.asp?id=52 Direct marketing: Convey of advertising message directly to the consumer on individual basis through any type of medium. The main difference between direct marketing and other kind of promotion is that you have close relation with the needs of the customer and succeed in delivering a message. http://www.investorwords.com/1447/direct_marketing.html Integrated Marketing Communication: The management of the organization is planned in such a way that all the feature of marketing communication work together rather then allows them to work separately. As mentioned above marketing communication includes sales promotion, advertising, direct marketing and public relations. Integrated marketing communication good idea for making business more profit. All the marketing communication departments work together for the betterment and profitably of an organization. They company use only one approach towards everything. Integrated Marketing Communication is more than the management of a companys outgoing message between different media and the reliability of the message throughout. It is a destructive marketing plan that captures and uses a vast amount of customer information in setting and tracking marketing strategy. It can be also defines as a holistic approach to promote buying and selling of digital economy. A management concept which is mainly designed to make all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing work together as a combined force, rather than allowing each to work in remoteness. In practice, the goal of Integrated Marketing Communication is to create a single appearance or message in all fundamentals of a marketing campaign. A successful integrated marketing communication plan should be customize what is required by the client based on time, budget and resources to reach the target or goals. Small business can start an integrated marketing communication plan on a small budget by creating a website, email and SEO. A large business organization can start an integrated communication plan on a larger budget than a small organization. They can use things like print, mail order radio, TV plus many other online ad campaigns. The main aim at the end is to sell their product. TV is used in order to get the generation aware of the product where as Prints are used to educate the public and Radio is also used to keep the message delivered on the top of the mind. There are 3 Ps which one has to remember in integrated marketing communication which are the first one is for product. This means that overall everything is done for the customers. What are consumer requirements and what they desire? The goods they are looking for and what are the benefits in demands, and what are the unfulfilled demands. The second P is the price. One has to look at the cost which the customers are looking for. What is their perception of the cost of the goods and how much are they able to pay and willing to spend. The third P is for the place or distribution. This means where to sell their goods, and which is the best possible place to promote you affectively. David Ogilvy thinks IMC means providing â€Å"one stop shopping†, setting up your agency to deliver all the functions a client might want to buy, and learning to manage them together. Maybe this is a tail. David further said that IMC may be the key to getting away from the disease of talking about creativity all the time and getting back to focus on sales. This is at least leg. Integrated Marketing Communication can also be called as integration of all promotional tools. All of the communications tools work better if they work together in agreement rather than working separately. While different departments such as sales, direct mail and advertising can help each other through Data Integration. This requires a marketing information system which collects and shares relevant data across different departments. Marketing and communications objectives must support the higher level corporate objectives and corporate missions. http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm Marketing communications comprises five broad categories: Personal selling, advertising, public relations, direct marketing and sales promotions. Each has its own set of pros and cons and can be accomplished in a variety of ways. However, the key is to look at the available options in a comprehensive way and to ensure consistency throughout the selected media. The selection of communications methods is subject to a variety of factors. The factors that influence the selection and effectiveness of a promotional mix include: †¢ Nature of the market (market size, geographic scope, type of customer, etc.) †¢ Nature of the product (complexity of the product, service requirements, etc.) †¢ Stage in the product life-cycle (earlier versus later stages of the life cycle) †¢ Price (high versus low unit price) †¢ Funds available for promotion This funding point is very relevant to all companies. Budgeting is an essential function of the IMC process. The following items impact the budget determinations: †¢ Percentage-of-sales method (a specified percentage of either past or forecasted sales) †¢ Fixed-sum-per-unit method (predetermined dollar amount for each unit sold or produced) †¢ Meeting competition method (match competitor’s promotional outlays) †¢ Task-objective method (amount and type of promotional spending needed to achieve promotional Objectives) Advantages of Integrated Marketing Communication: The key advantages of using integrated marketing communication or IMC is that it is indispensable and cost effective to any organization. IMC talks about the four different messages that an organization has to know of so it can run if not manipulate. In order to effectively integrate public relations and marketing, there are six procedures that have to be followed to achieve an organization’s objective. In order to attain the organizations goals, public relations practitioners are commonly asked to perform many other tasks side by side with advertising and marketing. It total communication program is merged with public relations, it not only save time and money but strengthen the organizations capacity to safeguard the reliability of the product or service. (Miller Rose, 1994). Public relations practitioners are told everyday to design programs that are compatible with marketing and advertising strategies accurately and cost effectively. Public relations can help to attain marketing objectives and increase awareness by playing a very tactical role (Miller Rose, 1994). Public relations are anticipated to notify as well as persuade behavior, generate an environment for customer acceptance and build trust. These activities can best be done by working with marketing and advertising functions in the organization (Miller Rose, 1994). In order for public relations, advertising and marketing to work more efficiently the three functions need to be more closely aligned. One approach to IMC was developed by program director, Tom Duncan and his faculty at the University of Colorado. Duncans IMC Message Typology explains the four messages that an organization needs to be aware of so it can control, or if not control, then perhaps influence. The four types of messages are; planned, inferred, maintenance and unplanned. Although Integrated Marketing Communications requires a lot of effort it delivers many benefits. It can create competitive advantage, boost sales and profits, while saving money, time and stress. IMC wraps communications around customers and helps them move through the various stages of the buying process. The organization simultaneously consolidates its image, develops a dialogue and nurtures its relationship with customers. This Relationship Marketing cements a bond of loyalty with customers which can protect them from the inevitable onslaught of competition. The ability to keep a customer for life is a powerful competitive advantage. IMC also increases profits through increased effectiveness. At another level, initial research suggests that images shared in advertising and direct mail boost both advertising awareness and mail shot responses. So IMC can boost sales by stretching messages across several communications tools. Carefully linked messages also help buyers by giving timely reminders, updated information and special offers which, when presented in a planned sequence, help them move comfortably through the stages of their buying process and this reduces their misery of choice in a complex and busy world. IMC also makes messages more reliable and therefore more believable. This reduces risk in the mind of the buyer which, in turn, shortens the search process and helps to dictate the outcome of brand comparisons. Un-integrated communications send disjointed messages which weaken the impact of the message. This may also confuse, frustrate and arouse anxiety in customers. On the other hand, integrated communications present a reassuring sense of order. Consistent images and relevant, useful, messages help raise long term relationships with customers. Here, customer databases can identify accurately which customers need what information when they need and throughout their whole buying life. Finally, IMC saves money as it eliminates duplication in areas such as graphics and photography since they can be shared and used in say, advertising, exhibitions and sales literature. Integrated Marketing Communications Moriarty, Sandra E. PR and IMC: The benefits of integration. Public Relations Quarterly, Fall94, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p38, 7p, 1bw. Once IMC strategy has been determined, marketing managers look to control the four basic elements of the marketing mix: product, price, place, and promotion, known as the four Ps of marketing. Since these four variables are controllable, the best mix of these elements is determined to reach the selected target market. Product: The first element in the marketing mix is the product. Products can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible products are products that can be touched; intangible products are those that cannot be touched, such as services. There are three basic levels of a product: core, actual, and augmented. The core product is the most basic level, what consumers really buy in terms of benefits. For example, consumers do not buy food processors, per se; rather, they buy the benefit of being able to process food quickly and efficiently. The next level of the product is the actual product—in the case of the previous example, food processors. Products are typically sorted according to the following five characteristics: quality, features, styling, brand name, and packaging. Finally, the augmented level of a product consists of all the elements that surround both the core and the actual product. The augmented level provides purchasers with additional services and benefits. For examp le, follow-up technical assistance and warranties and guaranties are augmented product components. When planning new products, firm managers consider a number of issues including product quality, features, options, styles, brand name, packaging, size, service, warranties, and return policies, all in an attempt to meet the needs and wants of consumers. Price: Price is the cost of the product paid by consumers. This is the only element in the marketing mix that generates revenue for firms. In order to generate revenue, managers must consider factors both internal and external to the organization. Internal factors take the form of marketing objectives, the marketing-mix strategy, and production costs. External factors to consider are the target market, product demand, competition, economic conditions, and government regulations. There are a number of pricing strategies available to marketing managers: skimming, penetration, quantity, and psychological. With a price-skimming strategy, the price is initially set high, allowing firms to generate maximum profits from customers willing to pay the high price. Prices are then gradually lowered until maximum profit is received from each level of consumer. Penetration pricing is used when firms set low prices in order to capture a large share of a market quickly. A quantity-pricing strategy p rovides lower prices to consumers who purchase larger quantities of a product. Psychological pricing tends to focus on consumer perceptions. For example, odd pricing is a common psychological pricing strategy. With odd pricing, the cost of the product may be a few cents lower than a full-dollar value. Consumers tend to focus on the lower-value full-dollar cost even though it is really priced closer to the next higher full-dollar amount. For example, if a good is priced at $19.95, consumers will focus on $19 rather than $20. Place: Place refers to where and how the products will be distributed to consumers. There are two basic issues involved in getting the products to consumers: channel management and logistics management. Channel management involves the process of selecting and motivating wholesalers and retailers, sometimes called middlemen, through the use of incentives. Several factors are reviewed by firm management when determining where to sell their products: distribution channels, market-coverage strategy, geographic locations, inventory, and transportation methods. The process of moving products from a manufacturer to the final consumer is often called the channel of distribution. Promotion: The last variable in the marketing mix is promotion. Various promotional tools are used to communicate messages about products, ideas, or services from firms and their customers. The promotional tools available to managers are advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. For the promotional program to be effective, managers use a blend of the four promotional tools that best reaches potential customers. This blending of promotional tools is sometimes referred to as the promotional mix. The goal of this promotional mix is to communicate to potential customers the features and benefits of products. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers IMC at BBC: The Bombay Bicycle Club is London 1st choice Indian cuisine restaurant. I joined the Islington branch 10 months ago. So I selected to write about this restaurant. It is called the 1st Indian cuisine franchise in London. The first restaurant was inaugurated at Clapham 20 year’s back which is, still favorite for many Londoners and chefs. Many braches have been opened after that, now The Bombay Bicycle Club owns around 18 braches, in different parts of London. The aim of the employers of the company is maximum satisfaction of consumers. According to Tana Ramsay (Gordon Ramsay) told to the latest issue of the London Magazine that â€Å"the Bombay Bicycle Club was a local favourite.†It has to be from the Battersea one though, thats the best† Marketing communication of the Bombay bicycle club is effective. They apply all the marketing features in order to get the maximum profit and consumer satisfaction. I will now analyze all the marketing communication according to The Bombay Bicycle Club. Advertising: Bombay Bicycle Club invests in for advertising too. They have different ways of advertising. Since online shopping is a rage these days, they have also invested in e-retailing and the respond is overwhelming. It’s been made easy for the convenience of consumers. Customers can order their food without any hassle of walking down or driving down and finding the parking space. They can order food right from home by just clicking on the updated menus. The customers also get a discount for ordering their food online. They also provide facilities for customers to book a table or the whole place online. They also have leaflets with menus which they distribute it to shops, customers, and even as poster on bikes and other vehicles. Even billboards are used at high traffic areas to attract new customers They have regular ads in the Local and other news papers in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are a good source of reaching out to a large number of people. Another way the Bombay Bicycle Club has implemented is the use of magazine ads, as magazine ads are generally better as they are able to reached the desired demographics Sales promotion: Every now and then the Bombay Bicycle Club gives out vouches or coupons to customers, with these coupons customers get discounts on the food and drinks depending upon the season. For the regular customers, there is a flat discount which they get every time they visit the place. Public relations: All the employees and the managers are courteous, friendly and the atmosphere of the restaurant is warm and homely. The satisfaction of the customer to the smallest detail is the main priority for Bombay Bicycle Club. It also takes part in any community services by distributing food and drinks completely free. Direct marketing: The Bombay Bicycle club is mainly a direct marketing establishment as there is more of human to human contact. People are given all the details of a food item ot any product on a individual basis Conclusion: After all the research I came to conclude that marketing plays an important role in the business. Marketing is basically satisfying customer needs which increase the quality of life and better standard of living. I came to know about the marketing communications. Advertising and sales promotion increases the sales of the organization which also increases the profitability of the company. Sales promotion and direct marketing makes the organization to keep in touch with the previous customers. It not only helps the organization to retain the valuable customers but also to attract new customers. In short if all these feature of marketing work together, they can expand their business, make large amount of money and retain the customers. References: [Accessed on April 19, 2008] http://www.powerpr.com/newsletter.html [Accessed on April 20, 2008] http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising?cat=biz-fin [Accessed on April 22, 2008] http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_promotion_sales.htm [Accessed on April 22, 2008] http://www.learnthat.com/define/view.asp?id=52 [Accessed on April 23, 2008] http://www.investorwords.com/1447/direct_marketing.html [Accessed on April 23, 2008] http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm [Accessed on April 17, 2008] http://www.multimediamarketing.com/mkc/marketingcommunications/ Moriarty, Sandra E. PR and IMC: The benefits of integration. Public Relations Quarterly, Fall94, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p38, 7p, 1bw. Dave H, Rob J, and Carlo R, (2000) Business Studies, Italy: LagoPrint

Horror Movies Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Natural Born Killers,† â€Å" Psycho,† â€Å" Friday the 13th ,† and â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† are all horror films. In these films there is always some crazy person or monster-like character that goes around and slaughters innocent people. And usually, but not all the time the killer is killed at the end of the movie. The media publishes or broadcasts stories that say that horror films influence people to imitate these wrongful acts of violence. I believe that these movies do not influence people to imitate these murderous crimes onto innocent people. Horror films are a way for people to exercise their violent emotions with out hurting anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media publishes ,in my mind stupid , stories about horror films that say that some whacked out kid has just killed someone because of a horror film he or she saw. I think that the kid blaming the movie is just a reason to get out of jail time. The parents of these kids should not be showing there 8 years old children horror films in the first place. That is why there is a ratings system. And all horror movies are rated R, which means no one under the age of 17 should watch the movie with out adult supervision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A movie that comes to my mind for a movie supposedly influencing people is the Oliver Stone movie â€Å"Natural Born Killers.† In it Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis play a couple that go on a violent crime spree. They kill dozens ... Horror Movies Essay -- essays research papers fc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Natural Born Killers,† â€Å" Psycho,† â€Å" Friday the 13th ,† and â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† are all horror films. In these films there is always some crazy person or monster-like character that goes around and slaughters innocent people. And usually, but not all the time the killer is killed at the end of the movie. The media publishes or broadcasts stories that say that horror films influence people to imitate these wrongful acts of violence. I believe that these movies do not influence people to imitate these murderous crimes onto innocent people. Horror films are a way for people to exercise their violent emotions with out hurting anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media publishes ,in my mind stupid , stories about horror films that say that some whacked out kid has just killed someone because of a horror film he or she saw. I think that the kid blaming the movie is just a reason to get out of jail time. The parents of these kids should not be showing there 8 years old children horror films in the first place. That is why there is a ratings system. And all horror movies are rated R, which means no one under the age of 17 should watch the movie with out adult supervision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A movie that comes to my mind for a movie supposedly influencing people is the Oliver Stone movie â€Å"Natural Born Killers.† In it Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis play a couple that go on a violent crime spree. They kill dozens ...

EDU 330 Special Education Foundations and Framework Benchmark Assessment Essay

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has granted that placement options be available to better meet the needs of students. (Classroom Leadership, 2001) To better meet these requirements, educators have strived to make every effort to place students with and without disabilities in environments where they can learn, grow, and be successful. Each student is placed according to their individual needs, abilities, qualities, and level of services needed. Placing students in their correct environment is essential for obtaining a quality education. Today, there are many resourceful classrooms that are aimed at the specific abilities and disabilities of students. In these types of classrooms, students are better equipped to get the help they need. There are also related services within the school and the community that are aimed at offering support to families with disabilities. When students are placed in the correct environments, teachers can strategically help connect students and their families to these resources, and also integrate assistive technologies into the curriculum to support student learning abilities. When it comes to effectively placing student’s collaboration is key to assessing the type of environment that is presumed to be best for students. Educational environments affect teaching and learning, therefore the classroom environment must be designed to support the individual needs of students. A few types of classroom environments used in K-12 education include inclusion, self-contained, and resource rooms. The inclusion model allows students to participate in regular educational settings, and receive supported help by the inclusion teacher therein. The inclusion model is essential for increasing social  networking skills, developing behavior and academic skills through peer role-modeling, improving student achievement of IEP goals, and helping students acquire skills with the general education curriculum. The inclusion model is great for students who have mild learning disabilities, and those who are progressing consistently to a degree, where little or no help is needed. Based off of the student’s unique needs, the inclusion model is a great teaching environment, along with the self-contained education environment. In the self-contained classroom environment, students with disabilities are granted the  ability to receive much more one-on-one help given their unique disabilities. In this type of setting, educators receive additional specialized training to be able to aid students in making learning a success for students with disabilities, who are not able to participate in regular educational classroom settings. Students who learn at a slower pace, as a result of a learning disability, or uses modifications to lessons to acquire learning, a self-contained classroom may be beneficial. Nonetheless, resource educational environments may aide this same situation. In many cases, If a student is not mobile (using a wheelchair), have  severe disabilities like severe cerebral palsy, it may be beneficial to the student to participate in a resource classroom environment. Resource classroom environments focus on the student’s direct disability based on their IEP. They are potentially designed to be smaller for students to be able to get the one-on-one help they need yet still experience the social interaction with peers. Given the types of educational settings that were previously discussed, in the case of Gabriel, a kindergartener who battles cerebral palsy and has limited mobility it is necessary to place Gabriel in a resource room, to receive exceptional academic  training. Because, Gabriel is tub fed and has to use a diaper it is easier for instructors of a resource room to provide him his necessary needs, as they focus directly on the direct disability of students. Furthermore, it is concluded that Gabriel may not succeed in a regular educational setting, or a self-contained classroom setting because of his verbal inability. Although, he is able to communicate through a few eye movements, it is not enough to gain the benefits of a self-contained classroom, a regular education classroom, even though inclusion models. It is the  opinion of the author that Gabriel will better succeed in a resource room, where he will receive additional resources as physical therapy, to help him gain muscle strength to grasp things and even a speech therapist to help him gain control over his vocals. When it comes to exceptional education, there are many different related resources for students inside, and out of the school system. As for Gabriel, cerebral palsy or CP can mean life-long treatment. Generally, CP patients require 24-hour care. Therefore, in Gabriel’s case, eating, breathing, and moving freely can be a  challenge especially when trying to live independently, or study independently in an inclusion classroom, or self-contained environment. For this reason, educators may want to consider other related services, or services to assist their students with severe disabilities. Although, student have disabilities educators are still required to utilize these related services in order to provide those students with the best education possible. Most services are available to children in the public school system. While others can be accessed in the local community. However, there are related services abroad for students in public,  private, early education and head start school systems. Related services, in the terms of the educational setting of choice, calls for the special education classroom to utilize resources as assistive technology devices like wheelchairs, much physical therapy, and speech and language pathology services. Individuals who work to develop speech abilities in students who have communication impairments can effectively provide treatment to students like Gabriel, by showing them how to communicate with others. Furthermore, it is also beneficial to provide students like Gabriel with a physical therapist, who can work  through movement to help gain muscle control and movement. Nonetheless, teachers strive to develop independency in students of this type of educational setting, by providing assistive technology to encourage independent learning. Assistive technology for advancing communication with nonverbal students is made possible through devices, such as the DynaVox. This device can also be used to assess students like Gabriel to ensure they are understanding simple communication skills. Given the student’s abilities, it is necessary for educators to plan lessons and activities using a student’s IEP goals as guidelines. Then, during instruction time use many visuals and demonstrations, and even prompt the students for feedback. Moreover, in situations like Gabriel’s it is essential to students to use the co-teaching model To conclude, each type of educational setting discussed have significant roles in providing exceptional educational outcomes for students with disabilities. Whether a student is receiving training through inclusive model learning, self-contained strategies, or resource models of learning students are capable of receiving exceptional learning abilities and skills to build off of. It is a given, that all  types of educational settings has its pros and cons. However, it is believed that each type of environment has is benefits to support students in individual development. References Classroom Leadership (2001) Resource vs. Inclusion Classrooms; which is best for Students? Retrieved 8/17/14 from http://www. examiner. com/article/resource-vs-inclusion-classrooms-which-is-be st-for-students Council for Exceptional Children, (2014). Special Education Professional Ethical Principles and Practice Standards. Retrieved from http://www. cec. sped. org/Standards/Ethical-Principles-and-Practice-Standards.

Relative Frequency And Effects Of Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionHarmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, 14 States and one Union Territory of India had experienced at least one catastrophe during the twelvemonth 2011. The harm occurred in footings of figure of human lives lost was 1432 and figure of cowss perished was 6266. In entire 6,84,901 houses were damaged and 16.28 lakh hectares of cropped country were affected. 1 Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Entire figure of people affected 1 Drought 1987 300,000,000 2 Drought 2002 300,000,000 3 Drought 1972 200,000,000 4 Flood 1993 128,000,000 5 Drought 1965 100,000,000 6 Drought 1982 100,000,000 7 Drought 2000 50,000,000 8 Flood 2002 42,000,000 9 Flood 1975 34,000,000 10 Flood 1982 33,500,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Table1.2 Top 10 Natural Disasters in India during 1900-2012 in footings of economic harm Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Damage ( 000 US $ ) 1 Flood 1993 7,000,000 2 Flood 2006 3,390,000 3 Flood 2005 3,330,000 4 Earthquake 2001 2,623,000 5 Storm 1999 2,500,000 6 Flood 2004 2,500,000 7 Flood 2005 2,300,000 8 Storm 1990 2,200,000 9 Flood 2009 2,150,000 10 Flood 2010 1,680,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Droughts and inundations were the catastrophes which affected maximal figure of people in India. Table1.1 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of entire figure of people affected during 1900-2012. In footings of economic harm it was once more the inundations which had caused immense economic losingss to India. Table1.2 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of economic harm during 1900-2012.1.2 CatastropheSo what is a catastrophe? Let ‘s discuss about it. Disaster is defined as happening of calamity in any country which may be due to natural or manmade causes. It can happen as an accident or due to negligence and may ensue in loss of human life and/or cattle life and/or harm to belongings. It may besides take to debasement of environment. Community of the affected country normally do n't hold the capacity to get by with the state of affairs without external support. 2 Catastrophes can be classified into two wide types: natural catastrophes and manmade catastrophes. The High Power Committee on catastrophe direction in India, constituted in 1999, has identified 31 different catastrophes which can be categorized into five major groups. 3 I. Water and clime related catastrophes two. Geological catastrophes three. Chemical, industrial and atomic catastrophes four. Accident related catastrophes v. Biological catastrophes1.2.1 Disaster directionDisaster direction is necessary non merely for prompt response during catastrophe but for bar of it and for decrease of hazard and badness of any catastrophe. It is a uninterrupted and incorporate procedure of planning, organizing, organizing and implementing different activities and steps. It includes readiness, appraisal of magnitude of effects, prompt response such as emptying, deliverance and alleviation. It besides includes rehabilitation and reconstruction.2 A typical catastrophe direction rhythm has six elements ; the pre-disaster stage comprises of bar, extenuation and readiness while the post-disaster stage comprises of response, rehabilitation, Reconstruction and recovery. 4 Traditionally, direction of any catastrophe worldwide, focussed on immediate deliverance and alleviation operation, so as in India. After the Great Famine of 1876-1878 in India, the Famine Commission was constituted in 1880. The Famine Relief Code was besides adopted. 5 Relief sections were set up under British regulation for exigencies during catastrophes. After independency, catastrophe direction in each province was looked after by Relief Commissioners, under Cardinal Relief Commissioner. Their function were limited to distribution of alleviation stuff in the affected countries. 3 Consequent upon announcement of the decennary 1990-2000 as International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction ( IDNDR ) by the general assembly of the United Nations 6 and the universe conference on natural catastrophes decrease at Yokohama, Japan in 1994, Government of India constituted a High Powered Committee in August, 1999. 7 The High Power Committee gave its recommendations in October 2001 including a bill of exchange of the catastrophe direction measure and suggested for the constitution of National Disaster Management Authority. 3, 5 After Odisha Super Cyclone ( 1999 ) and Gujarat Earthquake ( 2001 ) , India changed its catastrophe direction attack from reactive to proactive. 8 After the super cyclone, the Government of Odisha established the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority ( OSDMA ) . 51.2.2 Relative frequence and effects of catastrophesWorld meteoric organisation statistics shows that harm caused by natural catastrophes during 1963-2002 was worst for inundations ( Flood-32 % , Tropical cyclone-30 % , Droughts-22 % , Earthquakes-10 % and other disasters-6 % ) . 3 78.4 % of all catastrophe events worldwide occur due to hydro-meteorological causes and 47.94 % of all catastrophe deceases worldwide are due to hydro-meteorological catastrophes from 1900 to 2009. 3 Children and adult females are the most vulnerable group as 85 % of the deceases during catastrophes are of adult females and kids. 31.3 FloodFlood is defined as ‘the status that occurs when H2O overflows the natural or unreal confines of a watercourse, river, or other organic structure of H2O, or accumulates by drainage over low-lying countries ‘ . 9 Flood can happen in a little localised country due to heavy rainfall over a sustained period of clip and the attendant drainage job. Flash implosion therapy occurs when it rains excessively rapidly, by and large for less than six hours. But river inundations are normally of longer continuance as it may last a hebdomad or more and in some instances for months together doing more harm to human lives and farm animal. Coastal inundations are caused by tsunami, heavy costal rainfall and tidal action.10 River inundations are expected in some geographical countries. Peoples by and large welcome inundations as they provide rich dirt for cultivation and H2O for assorted intents. But flood at an unexpected graduated table and with inordinate frequence causes harm to lives, farm animal and the environment. Matter of concern is that, there is addition in the frequence and strength of inundations in many parts of the universe including India due to current clime change.111.3.1 Flood in IndiaThe Indian sub-continent is extremely vulnerable to assorted types of natural catastrophes like drouths, inundations, cyclones, temblors, and landslides etc. India is one of the 10 worst catastrophe prone states of the universe. 3 Among all these natural catastrophes that occur in the state, river inundations are the most frequent and frequently the most annihilating. In India, 40 million hectares of land which is about one-eighth of the entire country of the state is prone to inundations. Flood occurs in 23 out of entire 35 provinces and brotherhood districts in the state. 3 To command inundation in the state, The National Flood Control Program was launched in India in 1954. 31.3.2 Flood in OdishaOdisha province which is situated in the east seashore of India is one of the most vulnerable Indian provinces to climate change.12 It is located between 170 48 ‘ N and 220 35 ‘ N latitudes, and 810 47 ‘ E and 870 32 ‘ E longitudes. 1 The chief rivers of Odisha are Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Budhabalanga, Subarnarekha, Rushikulya etc. These rivers are perennial with sulky flow throughout the dry season. With the oncoming of monsoon they swell threateningly and deluge big countries. 1 Odisha experiences terrible inundations in about every two old ages. 131.3.3 Flood in Kendrapara territory of OdishaKendrapara territory is one of the coastal territories of Odisha. After separation from Cuttack territory as a separate territory in 1993, Kendrapara has faced terri ble inundations in 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 13and late in 2011.14 Harmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, Kendrapara territory was severely hit by inundation in 2011. All the nine development blocks in the territory were affected. 473 small towns of 116 Gram Panchayats and two Urban Local Bodies ( ULBs ) were affected. Entire figure of population affected were 507145 ( Third highest after 625897 in Puri territory and 526923 in Cuttack territory ) with 13 human casualties ( Highest in the province ) . 27000 houses were damaged ( Second highest after Puri territory ) including kuchha and pucca houses. 11.3.4 Health effects of inundationFloods are frequently considered the most frequent and dearly-won of all natural catastrophes in footings of human agony and economic loss.15 Health impacts of inundation vary between populations and these depend on the physical exposure of population, single every bit good as community readiness and the type and continuance of flood event. The immediate wellness effects of inundation can be submerging, hurt, acute asthma, tegument roseolas, stomach flu, and respiratory infections. The mid-term effects of inundation are infected lesions, toxic condition, catching diseases, and famishment. The long-run wellness effects of inundation can be disablement, hapless mental wellness and malnutrition. 16 Approximately two-thirds of the flood deceases can be attributed to submerging. This implies that other one-third human deaths are due to causes other than submerging, such as physical injury, bosom onslaught, fire, C monoxide toxic condition and electrocution.17 In inundation state of affairss, there are ever increased opportunity of transmittal of diseases like cholera, cryptosporidiosis, infantile paralysis, rotavirus, enteric fever and paratyphoid, particularly in countries if the community does non hold entree to safe imbibing H2O and sanitation.18 Common mental upsets like anxiousness, depression and posttraumatic emphasis upset are common after a nerve-racking event of an exceptionally baleful nature like terrible inundation. 18 These may attest with symptoms like upseting memories, turning away of fortunes associated with the stressor, sleep perturbations, crossness and deficiency of concentration.18 Loss of cherished ownerships in inundation can hold much more impact than fiscal losingss. 19 One survey found a four times increase in unwellnesss among people whose places were flooded compared with those whose places were non flooded.20 Referrals to infirmaries were more than double from the flooded families than not flooded families for the old ages following the inundations in Europe. 21 One community degree survey in rural Odisha, India shows that exposure to inundations is associated with long-run malnutrition. Children who are exposed to inundations during their first twelvemonth of life show higher degrees of chronic malnutrition compared to the kids who are non exposed to deluge during their infancy.221.4 Public wellness system and inundationPublic wellness system should stay prepared to supply exigency services to the community as the demand may increase all of a sudden when inundation strikes the community. 23 but public wellness systems face tonss of jobs in pull offing the inundation state of affairs.1.4.1 ProblemsFlood can hold impact on the public wellness attention systems in two ways. The direct impact is due to structural harm to wellness installations and the secondary impact is through other direction jobs. 24 Scarcity of resources reduces the ability of the wellness system to react efficaciously. 25 Public wellness systems besides face jobs in presenting services due to population supplanting and power failure. Population supplanting leads to herding and sanitation job around the impermanent colonies. This may take to outbreak of diseases. 26 Water intervention workss may halt working due to power failure job during inundations. This increases the hazard for waterborne diseases. Power failure job besides affects proper operation of wellness installations such as care of cold concatenation. 26 Disease surveillance in affected countries is of import to understand the impact of inundation on diseases. But acquiring accurate and timely information during inundation is often disputing. 26 Healthcare instantly after inundation is frequently delivered by many bureaus and organisations. Coordination among them at that clip becomes a challenge. 261.4.2 ReadinessIn general inundation readiness steps include building of dikes, land usage planning, watershed direction, inundation prediction and warning system, inundation eventuality planning and readiness of community for self-defense activity and capacity edifice programmes. 11 Public and the public governments ever focus on structural intercessions that modify and control the velocity and the force of flood.10 Primary wellness Centres under public wellness system are the chief wellness attention establishments in rural countries to cover with wellness impacts of catastrophes. 27, 28 Poor people are more likely to be affected than the wealthier, when public wellness establishments are affected. 29 To cut down the wellness impacts on a population significantly, wellness system should hold information on impending inundation. 30 Flood readiness planning for public wellness system should be an on-going procedure. It should embrace all stakeholders so that the corporate wisdom can be utilised to cut down the impact of inundation, to take necessary action during the inundation event and to take up proper rehabilitation and recovery activities. 31 but it is a common fact that public wellness planning processes in most of the states including India are based on premises and guesss instead than grounds. 271.4.3 CommunityNational Disaster Management Authority ( NDMA ) has advised the Ministry of Panchayati Raj and Rural Development to turn to the concerns of catastrophe direction in the preparation of representatives of the Panchayati Raj Institutions and local organic structures. Women Self Help Groups ( SHGs ) , Anganwadi workers and adult females voluntaries are playing a lead funct ion in catastrophe direction readiness. Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA ) workers are besides easing first assistance and hunt and deliverance preparation for big figure of people. 8 So community should be cognizant about their exposure and strength. They are themselves the first respondents to any type of catastrophes. Education and preparation of the general community in first assistance and resuscitation decidedly helps in salvaging many lives before formal medical assistance reaches the catastrophe site. Evaluations of developing plans on first assistance and resuscitation have shown good consequences. Contingency plans and extenuation programs for inundation become successful merely when the planning procedure involves all the community members and it take into history the bing societal constructions and dynamics.32 It has been estimated that, 80-90 per centum of wellness attention demands in the first 24 hours after inundation strikes the community can be managed by trained voluntaries from the community itself. This besides reduces the work load on the public wellness system. 331.4.4 Public wellness workersEnrolling and retaining human resources in public wellness system is an all clip challenge. There is acute deficit of human resources in rural countries and it is felt clearly during catastrophes like inundation. 34 But Training of available human resource in flood direction can cut down the service spread during inundation well. 35 Training and capacity edifice of wellness forces is one of the most of import elements of catastrophe readiness program of public wellness system. Trained work force shows assurance in managing exigency state of affairss. Evaluation of preparation and capacity edifice activities are normally done by comparing pre-tests and post-tests36 but the existent rating of competence and effectivity occurs as the jeopardy strikes the community. Training besides helps to detect inadequacies in accomplishments, determination pickings pattern and information systems. 37 Training should hold theory Sessionss based on success narratives elsewhere in the universe and mock Sessionss supplying accomplishments to cover with the practical job. The most of import thing is that there should be refresher preparations on a regular basis with regular updating of cognition. 38 There should be more capacity edifice activities for community degree wellness workers as they are the first contact points for the community in exigency state of affairss like inundation. These activities should be based on recognized scientific attacks but adapted to the local culture.391.5 Public wellness system in OdishaCommissioner-cum-secretary of section of wellness is the administrative caput of the section and studies to the wellness curate. Nine managers and the drug accountant of Odisha study straight to the commissioner-cum-secretary. These managers are Mission Director, National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) ; Project Director, Odisha State AIDS Control Society ( OSACS ) ; Dir ector, Medical Education and Training ; Director, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre ( AHRCC ) ; Director, Family Welfare ; Director, Health Services ; Director, Public Health ; Director, State Institute of Health and Family Welfare ( SIHFW ) ; Director, Indian System of Medicine ( ISM ) and Homeopathy. Commissioner-cum-secretary is besides helped by secretaries at assorted degrees such as particular secretary, extra secretary, joint secretary, deputy secretary and under secretary. ( Annexure-1 ) District wellness disposal is headed by head territory medical officer. Public wellness system below territory degree has been described in the subdivision 3.1 ( Health system in the survey territory ) of consequence chapter. Table1.3 gives an thought about the figure of public wellness attention establishments in Odisha which provide services to entire population of 41,947,358 ( Rural 34,951,234 and Urban 6,996,124 ) in Odisha.40 Medical College and Hospitals 3 District Hospitals ( 30 territories + Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar & A ; Rourkela General Hospital ) 32 Sub-Divisional Hospitals 26 Community Health Centres 377 Other Hospitals 79 Primary Health Centres 1228 Sub-Centres 6688 Ayurvedic Hospitals 2 Ayurvedic College & A ; Hospitals 3 Ayurvedic Dispensaries 619 Homoeopathic College & A ; Hospitals 4 Homoeopathic Dispensaries 561 Unani Dispensaries 9 Source- Annual Activity Report 2011-12, Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Odisha.1.5.1 Public wellness system response to inundation in OdishaDirectorate of Public Health in Odisha has been created by a declaration of Department of Health & A ; Family Welfare in 2009. Disaster direction is one of the chief activities of the board of directors. 14 The State unit of Integrated Disease Surveillance Project ( IDSP ) becomes the province control room during inundation. During 2011 inundation, 135 medical alleviation squads were deployed and 482 Medical Relief Centers were opened in the inundation affected districts.141,73,374 packages of ORS and 52,74,613 Halogen tablets were distributed. 11.6 Rationale for the surveySuccessful direction of wellness impacts of inundation depends on the coordination of assorted sections and bureaus with the wellness section, cooperation from the community and leading of the wellness section. This can merely be achieved by bettering the ap prehension of wellness hazards in local scenes and of the societal and cultural qualifiers of those risks.17 Research on inundation hazards and response has mostly focused on economic sciences, support and agribusiness. Very few researches have given attending to wellness dimension of inundation. 41 A study of primary wellness centres in Jagatsinghpur territory of Odisha, surrounding territory of Kendrapara was done instantly after 2008 inundation. The aims were to measure the readiness and functional capacity of primary wellness centres in the territory for inundation response. Pretested questionnaire was used to interview medical officers merely. Health workers and other back uping staffs were non interviewed. 42 No mentions of survey conducted in Kendrapara territory which tries to understand the wellness hazards of community and wellness staffs, inter and intra wellness section work kineticss, outlook and cooperation of community and community based organisations in flood state of affairss were found. This survey is an effort to understand these local wellness system kineticss which can be utilized to alter the policy for better readiness of wellness system to pull off and extenuate the inauspicious wellness impacts of inundation in Kendrapara territory.1.7 Aims of the surveyaˆ? To analyze the major jobs encountered by public wellness workers in presenting the services after inundation aˆ? To analyze the readiness of public wellness workers for pull offing inundation state of affairs aˆ? To happen out the capacity spreads of public wellness workers in covering with inundation state of affairs